An Imperfect Circle: An Investigation into the Variations and Contrarian Phenomena of Several Unique Intrusive Ring Roads

Wherever the circles of car infrastructures have been drawn onto the map of the city, invisible fortress walls have arisen. Disguised as arteries conveying essential life blood – but still as inaccessible as the stone walls that once guarded the town – the volatile nature of circular traffic belts surrounding a city makes them a […]

The Hungária Ring Road of Budapest

In 1872, the Metropolitan Public Works Council decided on three rings for the capital of Budapest: the inner ring (Small Boulevard), the outer ring (Great Boulevard) and the suburban ring. Completing the Great Boulevard – including the two bridges connecting the Pest side with Buda – took about 20 years. In contrast, the suburban ring […]